The **PS86** usually refers to a specific series of high-performance components, most notably the **DisplayPort to HDMI/VGA converters** manufactured by **Parade Technologies**. These are common in laptops, docking stations, and display adapters. Below is a breakdown of the typical electronic characteristics and functions of the PS86 series. --- ### 1. Primary Function The PS86 family consists of **Level Shifters** or **Active Converters**. Their primary job is to translate high-speed video signals between different standards while maintaining signal integrity over long PCB traces. ### 2. Key Specifications (Common for PS86xx Series) | Feature | Specification (Typical) | | :--- | :--- | | **Input Interface** | DisplayPort (DP) or Dual-mode DisplayPort (DP++) | | **Output Interface** | HDMI (up to 2.0) or VGA | | **Resolution Support** | Up to 4K @ 60Hz (for HDMI variants) | | **Power Supply** | Dual rail: 1.2V (Core) and 3.3V (I/O) | | **Control Bus** | I2C or DDC (Display Data Channel) | | **Package Type** | QFN (Quad Flat No-lead) | ### 3. Core Electronic Sub-systems #### A. High-Speed Differential Receivers The chip contains sensitive differential pairs that receive high-speed data lanes. These lanes use **Equalization (EQ)** to compensate for signal loss caused by the physical wires or circuit board traces. #### B. Protocol Converter / Level Shifter * **Voltage Shifting:** It converts the low-voltage swing of DisplayPort signals to the higher voltage levels required by HDMI or VGA. * **TMDS Encoding:** For HDMI output, the chip handles the Transition-Minimized Differential Signaling (TMDS) clock and data generation. #### C. Integrated DDC and HPD Logic * **HPD (Hot Plug Detect):** Manages the "handshake" when a cable is plugged in. * **DDC (Display Data Channel):** Acts as a bridge for the I2C communication between the computer and the monitor to exchange EDID (Extended Display Identification Data) information. #### D. Power Management PS86 chips are designed for low power consumption, often featuring "Automatic Power Down" modes when no display is detected, which is critical for laptop battery life. --- ### 4. Common Application Diagram In a standard circuit, the PS86 is positioned as follows: 1. **Source:** GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) sends DP signals. 2. **Processing:** **PS86** adjusts voltage, timing, and encoding. 3. **Output:** HDMI port or VGA connector.