C430 datasheet(37/40 Pages) KEMET

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KEMET Electronics Corporation, P.O. Box 5928, Greenville, S.C. 29606, (864) 963-6300

KEMET

APPLICATION NOTES FOR MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITORS

Effect of Temperature: Both capacitance and dissipa-

tion factor are affected by variations in temperature. The max-

imum capacitance change with temperature is defined by the

temperature characteristic. However, this only defines a “box”

bounded by the upper and lower operating temperatures and

the minimum and maximum capacitance values. Within this

“box”, the variation with temperature depends upon the spe-

cific dielectric formulation. Typical curves for KEMET capaci-

tors are shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5. These figures also

include the typical change in dissipation factor for KEMET

capacitors.

Insulation resistance decreases with temperature.

Typically, the insulation resistance at maximum rated temper-

ature is 10% of the 25°C value.

Effect of Voltage: Class I ceramic capacitors are not

affected by variations in applied AC or DC voltages. For Class

II and III ceramic capacitors, variations in voltage affect only

the capacitance and dissipation factor. The application of DC

voltage higher than 5 vdc reduces both the capacitance and

dissipation factor. The application of AC voltages up to 10-20

Vac tends to increase both capacitance and dissipation factor.

At higher AC voltages, both capacitance and dissipation factor

begin to decrease.

Typical curves showing the effect of applied AC and DC

voltage are shown in Figure 6 for KEMET X7R capacitors and

Figure 7 for KEMET Z5U capacitors.

Effect of Frequency: Frequency affects both capaci-

tance and dissipation factor. Typical curves for KEMET multi-

layer ceramic capacitors are shown in Figures 8 and 9.

The variation of impedance with frequency is an impor-

tant consideration in the application of multilayer ceramic

capacitors. Total impedance of the capacitor is the vector of the

capacitive reactance, the inductive reactance, and the ESR, as

illustrated in Figure 2. As frequency increases, the capacitive

reactance decreases. However, the series inductance (L)

shown in Figure 1 produces inductive reactance, which

increases with frequency. At some frequency, the impedance

ceases to be capacitive and becomes inductive. This point, at

the bottom of the V-shaped impedance versus frequency

curves, is the self-resonant frequency. At the self-resonant fre-

quency, the reactance is zero, and the impedance consists of

the ESR only.

Typical impedance versus frequency curves for KEMET

multilayer ceramic capacitors are shown in Figures 10, 11, and

12. These curves apply to KEMET capacitors in chip form, with-

out leads. Lead configuration and lead length have a significant

impact on the series inductance. The lead inductance is

approximately 10nH/inch, which is large compared to the

inductance of the chip. The effect of this additional inductance

is a decrease in the self-resonant frequency, and an increase

in impedance in the inductive region above the self-resonant

frequency.

Effect of Time: The capacitance of Class II and III

dielectrics change with time as well as with temperature, volt-

age and frequency. This change with time is known as “aging.”

It is caused by gradual realignment of the crystalline structure

of the ceramic dielectric material as it is cooled below its Curie

temperature, which produces a loss of capacitance with time.

The aging process is predictable and follows a logarithmic

decay. Typical aging rates for C0G, X7R, and Z5U dielectrics

are as follows:

C0G

None

X7R

1.0% per decade of time

Z5U

5.0% per decade of time

Typical aging curves for X7R and Z5U dielectrics are

shown in Figure 13.

The aging process is reversible. If the capacitor is heat-

ed to a temperature above its Curie point for some period of

time, de-aging will occur and the capacitor will regain the

capacitance lost during the aging process. The amount of de-

aging depends on both the elevated temperature and the

length of time at that temperature. Exposure to 150°C for one-

half hour or 125°C for two hours is usually sufficient to return

the capacitor to its initial value.

Because the capacitance changes rapidly immediately

after de-aging, capacitance measurements are usually delayed

for at least 10 hours after the de-aging process, which is often

referred to as the “last heat.” In addition, manufacturers utilize

EFFECT OF APPLIED VOLTAGE

0.1

100

AC or DC Volts Applied

Typical Effects of 1000 Hz AC and DC Voltage Level on

Capacitance and Dissipation Factor - Z5U

Note: C0G Dielectric capacitance and dissipation factor are

stable with voltage.

Figure 7.

+20

-20

-40

-60

+10

-5

-10

0.1

100

AC or DC Volts Applied

Typical Effects of 1000 Hz AC and DC Voltage Level on

Capacitance and Dissipation Factor - X7R

Note: C0G Dielectric capacitance and dissipation factor are

stable with voltage.

Figure 6.

0988 Layout rev

8/9/2000 9:54 AM

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