The difference amplifier is a highly versatile building block that is useful in a wide variety of applications. See the

INA105 data sheet for additional applications ideas, including:

• Current Receiver with Compliance to Rails

• Precision Unity-Gain Inverting Amplifier

• ±10-V Precision Voltage Reference

• ±5-V Precision Voltage Reference

• Precision Unity-Gain Buffer

• Precision Average Value Amplifier

• Precision G = 2 Amplifier

• Precision Summing Amplifier

• Precision G = 1/2 Amplifier

• Precision Bipolar Offsetting

• Precision Summing Amplifier with Gain

• Instrumentation Amplifier Guard Drive Generator

• Precision Summing Instrumentation Amplifier

• Precision Absolute Value Buffer

• Precision Voltage-to-Current Converter with Differential Inputs

• Differential Input Voltage-to-Current Converter for Low IOUT

• Isolating Current Source

• Differential Output Difference Amplifier

• Isolating Current Source with Buffering Amplifier for Greater Accuracy

• Window Comparator with Window Span and Window Center Inputs

• Precision Voltage-Controlled Current Source with Buffered Differential Inputs and Gain

• Digitally Controlled Gain of ±1 Amplifier

8.2.3 Application Curve

The interaction between the output stage of an operational amplifier (op amp) and capacitive loads can impact

the stability of the circuit. Throughout the industry, op-amp output-stage requirements have changed greatly

since their original creation. Classic output stages with the class-AB, common-emitter, bipolar-junction transistor

(BJT) have now been replaced with common-collector BJT and common-drain, complementary metal-oxide

semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Both of these technologies enable rail-to-rail output voltages for single-supply

and battery-powered applications. A result of changing these output-stage structures is that the op-amp open-

frequency, and also the resulting closed-loop output impedance over frequency, is crucial for the understanding

of loop-gain, bandwidth, and stability analysis. Figure 8-9 shows how the INA592 closed-loop output impedance

varies over frequency.

Frequency (Hz)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1

10

100

1k

10k

100k

1M

10M

G = 2

G = 0.5

Figure 8-9. Closed-Loop Output Impedance vs Frequency

INA592

SBOS914D – OCTOBER 2018 – REVISED DECEMBER 2020

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