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FOREIGN STANDARDS OVERVIEW

1. International Standards

IEC standard

International Electrotechnical Commission

By promoting international cooperation toward all

problems and related issues regarding

standardization in the electrical and electronic

technology ﬁelds, the IEC, a non-governmental

organization, was started in October, 1908, for the

purpose of realizing mutual understanding on an

international level. To this end, the IEC standard

was enacted for the purpose of promoting

international standardization.

2. North America

UL (Underwiters Laboratories Inc.)

This is a non-proﬁt testing organization formed in

1894 by a coalition of U.S. ﬁre insurance ﬁrms,

which tests and approves industrial products

(ﬁnished products). When electrical products are

marketed in the U.S., UL approval is mandated in

many states, by state law and city ordinances. In

order to obtain UL approval, the principal parts

contained in industrial products must also be UL-

approved parts.

UL approval is divided into two general types. One

is called “listing” (Fig. 1), and applies to industrial

products (ﬁnished products). Under this type of

approval, products must be approved

unconditionally. The other type is called

“recognition” (Fig. 2), and is a conditional approval

which applies to parts and materials.

CSA (Canadian Standards Association)

This was established in 1919 as a non-proﬁt, non-

governmental organization aimed at promoting

standards. It sets standards for industrial products,

parts, and materials, and has the authority to judge

electrical products to determine whether they

conform to those standards.The CSA is the ultimate

authority in the eyes of both the government and the

people in terms of credibility and respect. Almost all

states and provinces in Canada require CSA

approval by law, in order to sell electrical products.

As a result, electrical products exported from Japan

to Canada are not approved under Canadian laws

unless they have received CSA approval and

display the CSA mark. Approval is called

“certiﬁcation”, and products and parts which have

been approved are called “certiﬁed equipment”, and

display the mark shown in Fig. 3. The mark shown

in Fig. 4 is called the “Component Acceptance”

mark, and indicates conditional approval which is

applicable to parts. The C-UL mark shown in Fig. 5

(ﬁnished products) and Fig. 6 (parts) indicates that

the product has been tested and approved in UL

laboratories, based on UL and CSA standards,

through mutual approval activities.

3. Europe

EN standard

European Standards/Norme Europeennee

(France)/Europaishe Norm (Germany)

Abbreviation for European Standards. A uniﬁed

standard enacted by CEN/CENELEC (European

Standards Committee/European Electrical

Standards Committee). EU and EFTA member

nations employ the content of the EN standards into

their own national standards and are obligated to

abolish those national standards that do not agree

with the EN standards.

(1) Germany

VDE (Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker)

The VDE laboratory was established mainly by the

German Electric Technology Alliance, which was

formed in 1893. It carries out safety experiments

and passes approval for electrical devices and

parts. Although VDE certiﬁcation is not enforced

under German law, punishment is severe should

electrical shock or ﬁre occur; therefore, it is, in fact,

like an enforcement.

TÜV (Technischer Überwachungs-Verein)

TÜV is a civilian, non-proﬁt, independent

organization that has its roots in the German Boiler

Surveillance Association, which was started in 1875

for the purpose of preventing boiler accidents. A

major characteristic of TÜV is that it exists as a

combination of 14 independent organizations (TÜV

Rheinland, TÜV Bayern, etc.) throughout Germany.

TÜV carries out inspection on a wide variety of

industrial devices and equipment, and has been

entrusted to handle electrical products, as well, by

the government. TÜV inspection and certiﬁcation is

based mainly on the VDE standard.

TÜV certiﬁcation can be obtained from any of the 14

TÜVs throughout Germany and has the same

effectiveness as obtaining VDE certiﬁcation.

LISTING MARK

Fig. 1

RECOGNITION MARK

Fig. 2

Certification

Fig. 3

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Component Acceptance

Fig. 4

VDE

TÜV Rheinland

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